The Growth Of A New Zealand Family Essay - 1553 Words

Recent statistics have shown a shifting culture in the dynamics and structure of what constitutes the â€Å"typical† New Zealand family. These changes have displayed variations in family formation norms, marital patterns and reproductive behaviour, the growth of de facto relationships and other common law unions, and an increase in the rate of divorce. This essay aims to analyse and review the major trends in marriage and divorce in New Zealand over the last century (Mansoor, 2001) Over the last century, a progressively more inclusive idea of â€Å"family† has manifested; one that emphasises the significance of social and emotional connections over that of biological characteristics and genetics (Caulfield, 2002).In most societies, families are known as the quintessential institution. The function of the family involves creating a basis for human socialization, interaction and reproduction, both biologically and socially. Essentially It is a collective group of individuals united by blood, marriage, or adoption, is often described as nuclear (mother, father and children) or extended which included other relatives (Nam, 2004) In the surveys and censuses throughout the United States as well as globally, the concept of family has loosely been defined as a group of individuals affiliated by birth recognition by marriage or co-habitation (Fields and Casper 2001). Traditionally, members of an immediate family may have included a married couple, a son and a daughter, while extended familyShow MoreRelatedPolitical Environment Of New Zealand Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagesissues under which businesses should operate. 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New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, which comprises ofRead MoreThe Health Care Structure Of New Zealand Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesdisability in New Zealand. Their main target are the disable persons who are in need of health care assistance, they don’t just support the person with disability but they are also giving support to the family. This report also contains about theories that are apply to our chosen organizations, where does it fit in New Zealand health care hierarchy and funding of an organization. The main purpose of this report are to identify and understand the health care structure of New Zealand and to assessRead Mor eReasons for the Phenomenal Growth of the Informal Economy Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pages In this essay I will endeavour to provide reasons for the phenomenal growth of the informal economy. Firstly, I will provide a brief definition of informal and formal economies. I will also discuss the inequalities and instability of the formal economy environment. Focusing on the manoeuvres which manufacturers and individuals use within the informal economy to alleviate these stresses. I will also put forward a concept of ‘Interactive Distribution’ which combines the best of what informal andRead MoreThe New Zealand Market Environment Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesPart two: - The New Zealand market environment Answer a) New Zealand stock exchange (NZX):- NZX is the only registered securities exchange in New Zealand and an authorised future exchange. It’s fully owned by subsidiary, New Zealand Clearing and Depository Corporation under the part 5 of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand act 1989. NXZ limited facilitate capital, risk and commodity markets and the infrastructure required to support them. NZX also provides high quality information, data and tools toRead MoreDecision Maker At Loyalty New Zealand1545 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis â€Å"Decision maker at loyalty New Zealand† is a real situation case study analysis for Fly buys. It describes the decision making by Chris Lamer for the continuous growth of Fly buys in New Zealand. It explained that Fly buys is the top fifth largest loyalty program all around the world. It was established by Bank of New Zealand, Food stuffs Ltd and Greenstone energy Ltd with some other companies to recognise and reward the new and existing consumers of New Zealand for their consuming. It is leadingRead MoreIncome Distribution And Distribution Income System1368 Words   |  6 Pagesconsumption. Although the competition which is in the domestic market might be suppressed, but there could be a steady rise in the international market. 7. Good effects in even income distribution pattern would help stimulate and sustain economic growth in the short run and would provide stronger incentives for investment, innovation and job creation in the long run. 8. Equality distribution income would pursue unification of the fairness and efficiency. Give resources to some department, which haveRead MoreEmployment Policies Of The Health Sector Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesEconomics Internal: AS91227 Credits: 6 By Harrison Brown Part 1 Employment Policies Policy 1 Increase spending within the health sector The health sector in NZ requires attention as New Zealand needs an increase in the amount of hospital buildings and services so that it is more convenient and most families will have a hospital close by. Having the government increase it’s spending in the health sector would increase the (G) part of the AD equation which stands for government spending meaning theRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1306 Words   |  6 PagesConditions of birth and people’s growth, lifestyles, occupations and age strongly influence their health. This essay focuses on children between the ages of zero to 19 and examines what the social determinants of health are. Firstly, it attempts to analyse poverty, family violence, addiction and the impacts on the health of younger New Zealanders who are exposed to those determinants. Secondly, strategies, initiatives and prevention services are identified at national, regional and local levels toRead MoreThe New Zealand Positive Aging Strategy Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe New Zealand positive aging strategy promotes the participation of older adults in communities. The government believes that the older adults have a greater opportunities to provide to the society with their valued knowledge and skills. Since the older adults need their dignity and respect in the society, it is important to the government as due to the growing rate of the older adults is increasing. (â€Å"New Zealand Positive Aging Strategy†, 2001). This report in detail will provide the theme of

Night Creature Crescent Moon Chapter 9 Free Essays

I leaned closer, squinting at the screen. The man was dead; he couldn’t have been standing outside my hotel room watching me. I knew that as well as I knew my bra size. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now So why were my hands shaking? â€Å"Place is getting to you,† I muttered. â€Å"Haunted houses. Werewolves in the swamp. Voodoo priestess.† Maybe I should talk to Cassandra. If anyone would know why I’d seen a dead man walking, that someone would probably be her. Except it was well past midnight and there was no way I was going out on the street in the dark – even if it was lit up like Mardi Gras. Instead I returned to my research, found several articles about dead people in the swamp, cross-referenced them with the phases of the moon, and came up with a list. I found no mention of rabid animals, rogue beasts, or a serial killer. Which struck me as odd. Had no one but me and Frank noticed bodies were piling up under the crescent moon? I studied the dates. Over the past ten years there hadn’t been more than three bodies found per annum. Which was probably why there hadn’t been an outcry. Especially in an area where death lived everywhere and had for a very long time. According to my Internet sources, my guidebook, and my memories, New Orleans could have been called the Big Epidemic instead of the Big Easy. As it was located below sea level, between Lake Pontchartrain and the Mississippi River, yellow fever had loved the place. From 1793 to 1905 there were twenty outbreaks. Besides the plagues, they had starvation, war, pestilence. The usual. However, in New Orleans the troubles seemed multiplied. Which is probably why when they partied, they did so for days. I continued to search for deaths, disappearances, locations. About 2:00 A.M. my eyes drooped. I was so tired, I barely got my clothes off before I fell into bed. The next thing I knew, the sun was up. No dreams. No visitations. No flowers. A good night I took a shower, snagged some coffee, and headed for Cassandra’s. On the street, shopkeepers sprayed the side-walks, flushing away the refuse left over from the nightly celebration. Water dripped from balconies and onto my head as residents watered their plants. I dodged people meandering down Bourbon Street with cocktails in plastic glasses. Had they ever gone home? The door to the shop was locked. I glanced at my watch, then the sign on her window. Two hours until she opened for business. I needed to talk to her now. I’d just lifted my hand to knock when she opened the door. My eyes narrowed. â€Å"How did you know I was here?† â€Å"How do you think?† She turned, leaving the door open. I stepped inside. â€Å"Lazarus?† she called. I froze, one foot in, one foot out â€Å"You mind shutting that?† she called. â€Å"If he sees the daylight, he’ll bolt.† I cringed at the thought of Lazarus bolting over my sneakers, or maybe up my leg, and slammed the door. â€Å"How does a snake bolt?† â€Å"You’d be surprised.† â€Å"Why is he out of his cage?† â€Å"I let him out at night.† Cassandra went down on her knees, peeking under one of the display cases. â€Å"Would you want to be stuck in a cage every minute of your life?† Lazarus was a snake. Did he have wants and needs? Something skittered across the open space. â€Å"There he is,† I said, just a little too loud. Cassandra started, bumping her head on the case before giving me a disgusted glare. â€Å"I thought you were a scientist. How can you be afraid of snakes?† â€Å"Who said I’m afraid of snakes?† She snorted. â€Å"Call me crazy,† I said stiffly, â€Å"but I don’t like being in a small confined space with a freaking python.† â€Å"He’s not interested in you.† A slight thud caused me to turn. Lazarus was right behind me. I stared at the odd growth in his throat Or was that his neck? Maybe his body? â€Å"There you are!† Cassandra hurried over and snatched him up, popping the snake into his cage, then flipping the lock. â€Å"Does he have a tumor?† I asked. â€Å"What?† Horrified, she bent and peered at him. Thai ing bump.† â€Å"I thought you were a zoologist.† â€Å"Crypto.† â€Å"Still – didn’t you study reptiles?† â€Å"As little as possible.† She put a hand on her hip and tilted her head. â€Å"What do snakes eat?† â€Å"Rodents.† The light dawned. â€Å"That’s what’s in his throat† â€Å"Another reason I set him free at night He’s much better man a cat. Never, ever, brings me a present† Cassandra shuddered. I’d never had a cat never had a pet Can you imagine my mother allowing an animal to walk on her winter-white carpet? She’d rarely allowed me there. However, I knew cats liked to share. Or maybe brag. I could see Cassandra’s point, though I’d stop short of befriending a python. Cassandra turned away from the snake. â€Å"What brings you here?† I hesitated. It was one thing to consider asking the advice of a voodoo priestess in the middle of the night and quite another to actually do it in the daylight â€Å"Tea?† She pushed through the beaded doorway without waiting for my answer, which would have been â€Å"ack† if I hadn’t known that was rude. I followed her into a quaint kitchen. â€Å"Don’t suppose you have coffee.† â€Å"You suppose right. The stuff will stunt your growth.† I lifted a brow at her petite form. â€Å"Never mind.† Cassandra set the tea on the table and motioned me into a chair. â€Å"What happened?† I found myself telling her everything. Since Simon’s death I’d had no one to confide in, no one to bounce ideas off of, no one to trust Why I’d chosen Cassandra I wasn’t sure. She just had a way about her. Despite her youth, she seemed wise. Her eyes were a little sad, as if she’d seen more than she should. I sensed she’d lost someone, too, someone she’d loved. Despite our differences, I felt a kindred spirit and I responded. She listened to all that I told her, not speaking until I was through. â€Å"Comparing a news photo and a man you saw from pretty far away is a stretch.† â€Å"I know.† â€Å"He could be a relative of the deceased. Resemble him just enough to throw you off.† â€Å"Most likely.† Cassandra took a sip of her tea, swallowed, set the cup down with a click, and met my gaze. â€Å"Then why are you here?† â€Å"Exactly.† She blinked. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Why am I here? I’m not the spooky type. I don’t believe in this stuff. Yet here I am, asking a voodoo priestess why a dead guy was following me down Bourbon Street Why?’ â€Å"You’ve lost your mind?† â€Å"I’m starting to wonder.† â€Å"Maybe you just need a friend.† I lifted my gaze. â€Å"That pathetic, am I?† Cassandra smiled. â€Å"Not at all. You travel a lot How could you make friends?† â€Å"Even if I was any good at it† â€Å"You seem pretty good at it to me.† I half-expected her to reach over and pat my hand. â€Å"Anyway, you came to the right place.† â€Å"For a Mend?† â€Å"That, too. I like you, Diana. I think I have something that’ll help you out.† Cassandra stood, then headed into the shop. I followed. A quick glance into the snake cage revealed Lazarus at work on his breakfast. At least cats ate their prey, eventually; they didn’t wear it â€Å"If you see the guy again, blow this into his face.† She handed me a tiny burlap bag. â€Å"More gris-gris?† I asked, my fingers searching for, then finding the one I’d stuffed into my back pocket. â€Å"No. This’ll tell you if he’s dead.† I frowned at the sack. â€Å"It’ll tell me if the man who’s following me down the street is dead?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Cassandra, what are you talking about?† Her brow furrowed. â€Å"Zombies.† â€Å"Zombies!† She winced. â€Å"You don’t have to shout. What were you asking me about?† â€Å"A dead guy.† â€Å"Who was walking. Add them together and that equals zombie.† â€Å"In New Orleans maybe.† â€Å"In any damn place.† She was right. I had come to ask about zombies; I just hadn’t wanted to ask. But now that she’d answered†¦ â€Å"How are zombies raised?† â€Å"I’m not exactly sure.† Her lips pursed. â€Å"There are a lot of theories, spells, but I’ve never been able to raise one.† â€Å"You’ve tried?† She shrugged. â€Å"It takes a lot more power than I have.† â€Å"Power?† I couldn’t believe I was talking about this. â€Å"Raising the dead is serious business.† â€Å"No shit,† I mumbled. â€Å"You don’t believe, even though you’ve seen.† â€Å"We don’t know what I saw. Probably the guy’s cousin, uncle, twin.† â€Å"Use the powder; then you’ll know.† â€Å"What happens if I blow this stuff into a zombie’s face?† â€Å"The one who raises the zombie gives it purpose and strength. His or her power keeps the zombie moving physically. Mentally they just aren’t right.† I was starting to get the drift. â€Å"If I blow this in his face – â€Å" â€Å"The magic dies. He’ll revert to a corpse right before your eyes.† How to cite Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 9, Essay examples

Experiences of Audit Committee Members †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Experiences of Audit Committee Members. Answer: Introduction: This is a case study, which portrays the issues in the organization named D.H.P. stores. D.H.P. stores are a retailer of consumer goods in the market and have many outlets across Canada. The focus of the organization is one the house ware and hardware. The competitive rivals for the organization are Home Hardware and Canadian Tire. Lisa, the Vice President of the marketing department and have decide to launch credit cards so that retain the present consumers and gain more consumers in the market. This would facilitate in the expansion of the business and increase the amount of sales in each of the stores (Dengue, 2017). The main issue is that Ray Patton had gone to the stores and misbehaved with the people in the organization. This had created tension within the store managers and the marketing team. This has caused the Vice President of operations department to be furious and an explanation is required to make him understand what the main problem is (Rudani, 2013). The rival companies in the industry all have their own sets of credit cards so the organization will have to implement this strategy if they want to compete with the other companies in the market. The other issue was that there was lack in the promotional materials in most of the stores and the operations were reluctant in selling the products. Lisa had gone to five to six store and have found out that there were lack in the promotional materials in the market. This policy was the way of gaining loyalty of the consumers in the market. However, after ten days from the launch of the promotional activity it is seen that many of the stores had little promotional material for display (Wisner, Tan Leong, 2014). Lisa felt that the consumers can be acquired mainly at the store level so it was important that the promotional materials would have displayed and the operations department would have to make some effort so that the credit cards could be sold to the present consumers and the new consumers. When the proposition was made, it was decided that finance will handle all the aspects of administration, credit and collection. The marketing was supposed to handle the launching of the c ard all over the nation and other promotional activities to support the development of the product campaign. The operations were supposed to handle the sales of the product. However, it has been seen that the operations department are not following the instructions that had been decided in the meeting. The head of the operations decided that selling of the product is the department of the operations as this a product which will help in increasing the loyalty of the consumers (Stark, 2015). Even though the operations department took the initiative to sell the product however, it is seen that they are reluctant about the selling of the product. The majority of the stores are not using the promotional materials and the store managers are not pushing the employees to make an effort sell the credit cards. Thus, if the operations are not doing their work properly then the marketing campaign will fail and the capital that have been spent on this campaign will be wasted and the organization will be unable to implement the strategy that has already been applied by the market competitors (Cohen, Krishnamoorthy Wright, 2017). This can be cause for the downfall of the organization and it will be tough for the organization to maintain their sustainability in the market. Thus, these are the issues and the problems that the organization is currently facing. It is recommended that the marketing team report all the instances to the higher ups in the organization. This will include the vivid description of the wrong doings of the operation department with evidence so that it can be proved. Moreover, the actions against the store managers will have to be taken so that they could take initiative and sell the product with much more eagerness. However, the marketing team will have to revaluate the division of the work and should take the initiative of selling the product as it is one of the major strategies which will provide the organization with competitive advantage. The main problem with the strategy was that other promotional campaigns were getting more priority then the campaign for the credit card. Thus, Lisa will have to call for a meeting to set the priorities right so that the campaign for the credit card is given the utmost priority (Goetsch Davis, 2014). This promotional campaign was the idea of the marketing team of the company s o the initiative will have to be taken by them. Lisa will have to call the president to provide him with the detail report on the progress of the campaign. She will have to highlight the fact that the companies will fail miserably if they do not do anything. This is because of the fact that Adam is the head of the operations department and so it must be under his instruction that the priorities of the campaigns have been changed. Alternatives and decisions Lisa will have to take the permission of the president to set up a meeting with the operations team so that the promotional campaign can be brought back on track. There are two solutions that they can come up with, first is to convince the operation team to change their priorities and keep this campaign as their utmost priority. However, the disadvantage of this alternative is that it will be difficult to convince the operations team to change their priorities. Moreover, the process is time consuming so it will take some of time to sort out this issue. The other solution is that as it the initiative of the marketing team, the marketing team will in charge of selling of the products through special representatives in each of the stores (Anderson et al., 2015). Moreover, there should be a supervisor to monitor the daily sales and the success of the plan so that the report it back to the head of the tournament. Therefore, the decisions in the meeting will have to be conveyed to all the stores so that the new strategies can be implemented as soon as possible. The disadvantage of this alternative is that the cost of the marketing team will increase and they will have to make use of excess resources. Moreover, the operation team is not cooperating with the marketing team so it will be difficult to sell the products with the support from the operational team. Reference Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J. (2015).An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Cohen, J., Krishnamoorthy, G., Wright, A. (2017). Enterprise risk management and the financial reporting process: The experiences of audit committee members, CFOs, and external auditors.Contemporary Accounting Research,34(2), 1178-1209. Dengue, C. (2017). Principles of Management.Evidence-Based Critical Care: A Case Study Approach, 513. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Rudani, R. B. (2013).Principles of management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Stark, J. (2015). Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Wisner, J. D., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. K. (2014).Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Cengage Learning.

Racism in the USA

1. Racism is a social problem based on discriminating people of other races.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racism in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More 2. Racism as the discriminatory and oppressive attitudes and behaviors against people belonging to different races can be considered as a social problem discussed globally because it depends on the vision of race as a social construction. Thus, racism is observed when people are divided into categories because of their races and definite racial (often physical) characteristics, and the representatives of certain races are perceived as inferior because of social racial stereotypes. 3. Different population categories can be affected by racism all over the world with references to the local visions of this or that race as inferior. In the USA, such minorities as African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans are affected by racism because of their bi ological differences, for instance skin color, and because of the developed social stereotypes and prejudices in relation to the role of these people in society. Thus, three racial groups comprising the ethnic minorities in the country are affected by racism significantly. According to 2000 US Census, more than 36 million African Americans (13% of the American population), and 47 million Hispanics (15.4% of the American population) live in the USA. Asian Americans present 4% of the American population (2000 US Census, 2012). As a result, more than 32% of the whole American population suffered from direct or indirect discrimination and abuse because of their race in 2000, and this number increases. For instance, 61% of Latin Americans accentuated the problem of racism in 2010, comparing with 47% in 2002 (2000 US Census, 2012; Clarke Thomas, 2006). 4. African Americans and Latin Americans are affected by the issues connected with racism in many spheres of their everyday life. For ins tance, in spite of the fact 58% of African Americans live in metropolitan areas and they are educated, they suffer from racial discrimination in relation to employment and wages paid for their work (Tsuda, 2012). Although racism and racial discrimination is legally prohibited in the USA, there are many forms of the indirect discrimination developed within community (Tsuda, 2012). African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans are challenged to be discriminated because of race during the everyday interactions at schools and workplaces by the representatives of the American ‘white’ majority.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The issues of developing stereotypes concerning the minorities’ intelligence and role within society, harassments, and abuses are presented in the American society. The problem is in the fact that different programs aimed to reduce r acism (such as Affirmative Action) are perceived by the ‘white’ Americans as discriminating their rights. 5. In the USA, the problem of racism is often discussed as related to the period of slavery. The other people pay attention to the fact that the problem became not urgent in the 1960s, when Jim Crow laws were abolished (Takaki, 1993). In reality, racism is a characteristic feature of the modern American society which negatively affects the representatives of such minority groups as African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans. Direct racial discrimination is prohibited in the country where more than 32% of the whole American population cannot be discussed as ‘white’. Nevertheless, the issues of indirect social discrimination, reflecting in accentuating inequalities and racial stereotypes, are frequently observed within the society. Thus, racism as a social problem should be addressed because people should not be divided into inferior and supe rior groups because of their biological qualities and races as all humans are born equal. References 2000 US Census. (2012). Web. Clarke, K., Thomas, D. (2006). Globalization and race: Transformations in the cultural production of blackness. Durham: Duke University Press. Takaki, R. T. (1993). A different mirror: A history of multicultural America. Boston: Little, Brown Company. Tsuda, T. (2012). Immigration and ethnic relations in the U. S. USA: University Readers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racism in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Racism in the USA was written and submitted by user She-Hulk to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Television and the Present Perfect Tense

Television and the Present Perfect Tense Television and the Present Perfect Tense Television and the Present Perfect Tense By Maeve Maddox Autumn writes: Ive been wrestling with the title of a new Food Channel show called The Best Thing I Ever Ate.   I cant put my finger on it, but this sounds incorrect to me   . . . what is it thats throwing me off? Autumns grammatical instincts are correct. There is something not quite right with the name of this cooking show. The best thing I ever ate is idiomatic, but its not a formal English construction. The simple past, ate, is used to describe an action that took place at a specific time. For example: The best thing I ate while I was in Greece . . . Actions that occur at some unspecified time before the present are described with the present perfect: The best thing that I have ever eaten . . . The present perfect may be used with unspecific modifiers: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. It may not be used with modifiers that indicate specific times: yesterday, last week, when I was young, etc. The formal version of The Best Thing I Ever Ate would be The Best Thing Ive Ever Eaten. But would it sell? Fuller descriptions of the uses of the simple past and present perfect can be found here: Simple Past Present Perfect Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeTelling a Good Poem from a Bad OneWhat is an Anagram?

Expert Guide How Long Is the SAT

Expert Guide How Long Is the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying for the SAT isn’t just about practicing math problems and passage reading- it's also an exercise in timing and pacing. The sheer length of the SAT test, as well as its difficult content, can make it an intimidating challenge. Read on for our guide to the SAT’s length, individual section times, and section ordering. Moreover, learn how to deal with fatigue during the test. Detailed Guide: SAT Test Length The SAT is three hours (180 minutes) long in total, excluding the optional essayand breaks. With the optional essay, the total test time increases to three hours and 50 minutes. Here's an overview of the SAT test length: Section Order on Test Total # of Questions Total Time (Minutes) Reading 1 52 65 Break 1 2 - 10 Writing and Language 3 44 35 Math No Calculator 4 20 25 Break 2 5 - 5 Math Calculator 6 38 55 Break 3 7 - 2 Essay (Optional) 8 1 50 The Math section is the only section separated into two pieces: a No Calculator and a Calculator section. As you can see, the No Calculator section comes first and asks 20 questions in 25 minutes, while the Calculator section comes second and asks 38 questions in 55 minutes. Altogether, then, you'll get 58 questions and 80 minutes for Math. You'll also get a total of three breaks (two if you're not taking the optional Essay): A10-minute break after the Readingsection but before the Writing and Language section Afive-minute break after the Math No Calculator section but before the Math Calculator section A very short two-minute breakafter the Math Calculator section (if you're staying for the Essay section, that is- otherwise, you're done and may leave!) The SAT Isn't Just Long- It's Also Intense The SAT is a long test- more than four hours, from check-in to the end (if you're doing the essay)! However, it can feel as though it moves fairly quickly because of the number of questions you have to answer on each section. Here is an overview of the number of questions you'll have on each SAT section, in addition to the approximate time you'll have to answer each question: Section # of Questions Total Time Time per Question Reading 52 65 minutes 1 minute 15 seconds Writing and Language 44 35 minutes 47 seconds Math No Calculator 20 25 minutes 1 minute 15 seconds Math Calculator 38 55 minutes 1 minute 26 seconds Even though your approximate time per question is usually more than a minute, on the actual SAT things will be a little more complicated. First of all, you'll likely move through easier questions much more quickly and need more time for harder questions. Secondly, if you want to leave time at the end of a section to check your answers, you'll have to spend less time on each question. Keep in mind that for the Reading and Writing sections, you will also have to spend some time reading the passages. In addition, note that stamina is incredibly important. While the old SAT broke up the test into 10 small sections, the current SAT forces you to tackle each subject in one large chunk. Two out of four sections are just about an hour long.So not only do you have to move quickly question-to-question, but you also need to maintain your test-taking speed for a long period of time. Building that kind of stamina takes practice! How to Prepare for the SAT Exam Length: 3 Tips Below, we go over our three best tips for preparing for the SAT exam length. These will help you feel prepared for test day and teach you how to stay focused during the exam. #1: Take Full-Length SAT Practice Tests The best way to prepare for the timing and intensity of the SAT is to take full-length, strictly timed practice tests.This way, even if you're someone who easily gets tired during long stretches of testing, you can get used to the SAT’s format and time expectations. Make sure you're usingofficial practice tests (i.e., those created by the College Board). Don't rely on old practice tests to help you out since these differ a lot from the current SAT structure. Be sure to print out your test ahead of time and find a quiet place to take it, such as a library. As you take your test, time yourself as you'll be timed on the actual SAT.This means no giving yourself extra time on a section and no skipping ahead if you finish one early! You should also take the breaks as described in the table at the beginning of this article. You need to build up endurance and practice your pacing for the SAT- just like training for a race. #2: Do Practice Tests on Weekends The best time to take official SAT practice tests is on a Saturday or Sunday morning so you can get a good idea of what your energy level will be like the day of the actual test. Sure, it might be easier to fit in a practice test late on a Sunday night, but you'll have to take the real test in the morning, so you should practice with that time in mind. Pretend you're waking up for the actual test. Waking up early and jumping into an SAT practice test probably isn’t your ideal way to start a Saturday,but it’s the best way to be prepare for the actual SAT. Plus, it'll preserve your Saturday afternoon and evening for more fun activities! #3: Time Yourself on Individual Practice Sections As you study for the different SAT sections, make sure to periodically take an entire practice section with only the time you're given on the test. For example, after a week of focusing on SAT Reading, take one or two Reading practice tests and give yourself 65 minutes- the time you'll have on the actual exam for that section. This will allow you to get used to the timing on the SAT and furtherbuild up your test-taking stamina. What’s Next? Now that you know how long the test will take, read about the best places to take the SAT. Want additional SAT help? Get tips on how to work quickly and save time during the SAT. Preparing for test day?Check out our top test-day tips so you can be both mentally and physically ready to take on the SAT. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Environment - Essay Example These gases cause damage to the world’s flora and fauna. In addition, air pollution causes the following diseases; asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer and allergies. The use of Chlorofluorocarbons commonly referred to as CFCs is also responsible for air pollution (Khopkar 65). These gases deplete the ozone layer which protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. This has largely contributed to global warming. Water pollution is another form of environmental pollution that the world is facing. Factories continue to channel their waste products into various water bodies like rivers and lakes. This has affected marine life. People in rural areas still bathe in rivers. This leads to water pollution and makes this water unsafe for human consumption. There are also other forms of environmental pollution that are damaging Mother Nature at an alarming rate. Noise pollution, light pollution and soil pollution are among them. Noise pollution is caused by cars, aircrafts, horns, noise from factories and loudspeakers. However, research has shown that motor vehicles contribute to about 90% of noise pollution (Khopkar 76). Soil pollution, on the other hand, is caused by acidic rain, the use of fertilizers and contaminated water. These substances contain heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, hydrocarbons and herbicides which pollute the soil. One of the major effects of environmental pollution is global warming. Global warming is caused by the continued emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide. The effects of global warming include; rising sea level and melting of polar ice caps. This has put the lives of the people living along the coastal areas in danger. Through environmental pollution, the ozone layer is continually being depleted. Human activities such as the release of CFC cause the depletion of the ozone layer. The sun’s ultraviolet rays are believed to cause skin cancer. Due to the continued use of

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Accounting Standards In Essay

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Accounting Standards In The USA. Ethics And Accounting Profession - Essay Example I like the field of international accounting, but unfortunately I do not possess the knowledge necessary to become a valuable asset for the IASB. During the past course I took, accounting theory, I learned a lot about the importance of the FASB and how much the principles created by the FASB affect the operations of companies in the domestic U.S. marketplace. I believe that the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 was a game changer in terms of regulations. SOX raised the integrity, credibility, and accountability of all accounting information in the United States of America. The FASB indirectly benefited from the implementation of the Sarbanes Oxley Act because its bylaws were strengthen as a result of this new regulation. When people believe in the accounting numbers published by US corporations they are strengthening its trust in the GAAP and the FASB. In terms of the GASB I am not really interested in governmental accounting. DQ2 The current accounting standards in the United States of Ame rica are ethically based. Ethics and integrity are two of the values that all accountants uphold at all times when working the profession. The generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) represent the bible for accountants. Ethics is taken into consideration in accounting in many circumstances. For instance the principle of conservatism states that when in doubt an accountant should always underestimate revenues. Sales forecasting techniques such as the Delphi method should be implemented taking into consideration the principle of conservatism. During the past nine years the accounting profession has increased its credibility with the inception of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. The CEOs and top executives of the company including the CFO and controller are personally liable if the financial statements of their company are full of material error or fraudulent activity. SOX also created better internal controls and the integration of auditor independence. Accounting students sinc e the undergraduate level are taught that ethics is an extremely important aspect of accounting work. The curriculums of universities should include more courses in pure ethics as part of the curriculum of business administration. At the corporate level most companies have code of conducts that integrate ethics into its bylaws. DQ3 Ethics are extremely important to the accounting profession. Accountants form close business relationship with their clients. Trust, loyalty, and high ethical conduct are expected from all accountants. Accountants work as facilitators of financial information for internal and external stakeholders. Some of the stakeholders that depend on information provided by accountants include investors, suppliers, lenders, employees, customers, government and the community. The ethics bar was raised nine years ago when the U.S Congress and the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) worked together to create the Sarbanes Oxley Act. Section 802 of the Sarbanes Oxley Ac t imposes criminal penalties for altering, destroying, mutilating, concealing, falsifying records, documents or tangible objects with the intent to obstruct impede or influence a legal investigation (Soxlaw, 2003). I think that justice was served in the Enron case because some of the executives received jail time. When ethics are not in play in the accounting profession a lot of criminal activity can occur. Deceptive accountants can defraud the government out of hundreds of thousands of dollars by falsifying information in the personal tax returns of their clients. Unethical accountants also do not comply with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). It is the duty of all accountants to comply with GAAP. Soxlaw.com (2003). Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 802. Retrieved

Trans-Disciplinary Integrated Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Trans-Disciplinary Integrated Knowledge Essay Trans-disciplinary integrated knowledge (TIK) is one dimension in which the universities of the world should look to for effective future coping for empowerment of talent. TIK is a very critical area in the present scenario because of changing trends in the flow of information and the related technologies in industry and services. Today more innovative teaching and learning processes are needed. There is a need to find a common ground on which all important disciplines such as engineering, social sciences, humanities, and so forth can see an association between each other to address the complexities of globalization. With this view in mind, it may be inquired how finding this common ground for trans-disciplinary collaboration can be possible. For this very reason, Ramalhoto (2006), tells us that at present it is positive to find chief executive officers of some multinational companies who now demand foresight and not hindsight. Today, they are not looking for marketing planners but for market strategists. To most CEO’s of modern companies globalization demands for diversification of culture and sees enterprises as a source for value creation. Thus it is important to look at things more holistically now than ever before to compete in the climate globalization especially considering the technological and scientific changes, which is possible by integration and interaction â€Å"across all relevant knowledge areas†. This is where the important of TIK falls in. The author further informs that it is a misconception to state that corporate demands and such media as the Internet and ICTs have decreased the demand for developing universities; indeed, empowerment of talent in globalization â€Å"calls for specific innovation inside the [university institutions] to address its new basic function: to teach students to be critical about all kinds of information† .

Freudian Psyche in Geisels The Cat in the Hat Essay -- Cat in the Hat

Freudian Psyche in Geisel's The Cat in the Hat    "Then we saw him step in on the mat! We looked! And we saw him! The Cat in the hat!" (Seuss 6)    Through the years, many parents have read the children's book The Cat in the Hat to their kids. Written by Theodore Geisel, otherwise known as Dr. Seuss, The Cat in the Hat is a lively and wonderful book to read to children. No only that, but also it helps teach children about right and wrong through fun and exciting characters. But many kids and parents alike are missing a piece of the puzzle. Not only is The Cat in the Hat a fun-to-read children's book, but it is also a play on the Freudian psyche.    Freud's perception of the human mind splits it into three separate sections: the id, the ego and the superego. The id is purely primal instincts; it is based on the mind's pleasure principle and is present in babies when they are first born. All the id wants is to have its needs fulfilled-no matter what the consequences. The ego is a balance; it works on the reality principle, and, while it works with the id to gain pleasure, it is constantly wary of the consequences. The superego is the id's opposite. Its main objective is to maintain morals, and it is the effective counter to the id. For instance, if the id wanted the person it inhabits to get some money, the superego would counter the id and make the person earn the money legitimately because stealing is wrong. The superego is split in two sections: the conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience differentiates between right and wrong, while the ego ideal works with morals instilled by society, such as prejudices. The se three sections of mind balance each other in order to k... ...ish does throughout The Cat in the Hat.    Freud understood the mind as constantly in conflict with itself. He saw children so accurately that he knew what they wanted to say and thought of what they wanted to hear. It is because of this factor that The Cat in the Hat is one of the most popular children's books ever. The reader of The Cat in the Hat understands the book as a fun read on a rainy day. However, the more educated reader sees it as a Freudian allegory. Theodore Geisel was brilliant in this area because he exposed a common incident that happens, one way or another, in every child's life.       Works Cited Seuss, Dr. The Cat in the Hat. New York: Random House, 1957. Stevenson, David B. "Freud's Division of the Mind." Brown University. 11 November 1999. http://landow.stg.brown.edu/HtatBrown/freud/Division_of_Mind.html. Freudian Psyche in Geisel's The Cat in the Hat Essay -- Cat in the Hat Freudian Psyche in Geisel's The Cat in the Hat    "Then we saw him step in on the mat! We looked! And we saw him! The Cat in the hat!" (Seuss 6)    Through the years, many parents have read the children's book The Cat in the Hat to their kids. Written by Theodore Geisel, otherwise known as Dr. Seuss, The Cat in the Hat is a lively and wonderful book to read to children. No only that, but also it helps teach children about right and wrong through fun and exciting characters. But many kids and parents alike are missing a piece of the puzzle. Not only is The Cat in the Hat a fun-to-read children's book, but it is also a play on the Freudian psyche.    Freud's perception of the human mind splits it into three separate sections: the id, the ego and the superego. The id is purely primal instincts; it is based on the mind's pleasure principle and is present in babies when they are first born. All the id wants is to have its needs fulfilled-no matter what the consequences. The ego is a balance; it works on the reality principle, and, while it works with the id to gain pleasure, it is constantly wary of the consequences. The superego is the id's opposite. Its main objective is to maintain morals, and it is the effective counter to the id. For instance, if the id wanted the person it inhabits to get some money, the superego would counter the id and make the person earn the money legitimately because stealing is wrong. The superego is split in two sections: the conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience differentiates between right and wrong, while the ego ideal works with morals instilled by society, such as prejudices. The se three sections of mind balance each other in order to k... ...ish does throughout The Cat in the Hat.    Freud understood the mind as constantly in conflict with itself. He saw children so accurately that he knew what they wanted to say and thought of what they wanted to hear. It is because of this factor that The Cat in the Hat is one of the most popular children's books ever. The reader of The Cat in the Hat understands the book as a fun read on a rainy day. However, the more educated reader sees it as a Freudian allegory. Theodore Geisel was brilliant in this area because he exposed a common incident that happens, one way or another, in every child's life.       Works Cited Seuss, Dr. The Cat in the Hat. New York: Random House, 1957. Stevenson, David B. "Freud's Division of the Mind." Brown University. 11 November 1999. http://landow.stg.brown.edu/HtatBrown/freud/Division_of_Mind.html.

Kindness: Positive Psychology and Old Lady

Doing kindness to a perfectly stranger?.. how would I feel? well, I felt a sense of fullfiment and satisfaction. I was with my mother and sister the day when we visited a trade fair in La trinidad, the sun was high,twas'12pm, we were of course famished but we decided to quench first our thirst, we ordered halo halo from one of the stalls there. We joined a table where two girls were quitely enjoying their halo halo.. suddenly an old lady approached them, I overheard the old lady telling them that she was hungry,.. he old lady just stood there completely stoned, as in she was just standing in front of them while the two girls ignored her and continued whatever conversation that they were having maybe waiting for something,,,i thought those two girls were heartless, the woman was just like their mom already, so what I did was, I went to buy her pansit. The seller asked me if the old lady was disturbing us, I said no that it was completely fine, that she was just hungry that's all.I the n gave the pansit to the lola, she ate, then left.. no thank you or anything.. Though I heard no thank you from that lola, I felt happy anyway, knowing that the pansit filled her stomach and that maybe she is grateful somewhere in her heart. My point is, helping someone may it be for little things or for big, it will somehow give you a sense of worth for your existense†¦ that YOU EXIST FOR A PURPOSE!!! FGeXIST FJJEXEXIST FOR A PURPOSE! 🙂

CMR Enterprise Essay

This particular case depicts the history and issues faced by a relatively small company active in the custom architectural millwork industry for the past 25 years. The new owners wanted the newly-acquired company to grow even further. The first few months seems to have been a success – Marcus spent a lot of his time with employees and customers, learning the field since he was, as mentioned in the text, an â€Å"outsider†. However, keeping the company’s integrity and image intact was a priority. However, the problems outlined in the case seems to start – or at least have been worsened – with what will become CMR’s largest account, Blackstone Homes. Problem Identification After reviewing the text in question, three major problems stand out: 1) Customers change requests: When Blackstone Homes sell a house, it does – of course! – come with a pre-finished and installed kitchen, included in the price. However, if the customer wishes, he or she would visit CMR’s showroom and they would build these woodwork according to their new specifications. The added cost will then be charged to the contractor, which will later add it to their bills. This takes time and lead to price increases. This is, in part, what contributed to the clash with Blackstone Homes. 2) IT solution not adapted: InfoCentral, the software implemented by Marcus, does not work out as intended and do not fit the business needs. It is not always updated as required by the employees. According to the text, it may be helpful for the commercial and financial/accounting side, but is lacking several features for its residential counterpart to be really as useful as it can be. 3) Deteriorating business relationship The business relations between the two companies started well and was fulfilling for both part. When the business expended, so did the problems. The root cause seems to be the change requests made by the homeowners. This lead to late delivery, poorly reviewed performance and then the 7% price increase. Future homeowners started considering the prices charged by CMR to be too high. We could therefore expect lower level of sales and revenues in the future. Alternatives generation While we will mostly concentrate our alternatives on the three points mentioned above, we will also include other alternatives, even if they may not be realistic or feasible in the short/medium term. 1) Review customers change requests: We obviously cannot stop change requests and modifications made by the customers. The company and its employees pride themselves by offering flexibility and higher customers’ satisfaction. It would be therefore self-destructive for CMR to put a term to these showrooms. Any person also deserve to have reasonable alternative options when they are buying an object, a home more than anything. However, there is a clear misunderstanding between CMR and Blackstone Homes regarding the fixed allowances for kitchen ($6,000) and the final cost of the installation. In order to solve this issue, it may be a good thing to review the billing part: Instead of having the installation costs â€Å"forwarded† to the contractor, all expenses over $6,000 (parts + labor) should be charged to the homeowners themselves; customers can have access to all options made available by CMR, whilst eliminating cost forwarding and the said related disagreements. 2) Software adaptation It seems clear from the text that the whole issue also come in part from InfoCentral. In order to remediate this issue, we would suggest that all account managers from CMR and employees involved with this software should meet and discuss its performance. What should be changed, what must be kept, or what should be included in order to fit everyone’s needs. However, for any IT solution to bring tangible additional value, it must be easy to use and should not impose additional work. It is supposed to simplify the work, not making it more complicated. 3) The right people on the right place Again, according to the text, there was a clear misunderstanding between both parties; it was even referred as a â€Å"shouting contest†, which is far from being a normal and healthy business relationship. The Key Account Managers (from both sides) could not agree on contract terms and conditions. It could therefore be a good thing to change points of contact and see if the situation can be resolved; a stronger relation, transparency, honesty and â€Å"business awareness† between the two companies might also help straighten things out. 4) Additional ideas The solution to increase profit may not be by simply increasing selling price. We would suggest CMR to run an audit on their Supply Chain, Logistics and Selling, General & Administrative Expenses to see if cost reductions are possible. Could modern machinery help cut their production costs? Could they outsource some of their non-core business or reduce raw material costs by creating a joint-venture with a competitor? Chasing down inefficiencies in the production line can be even more effective than a price increase. Recommendations Using the previous points, we would suggest the three following recommendations: 1) Change the billing process: If possible, all additional costs over $6,000 should be charged to the homeowner directly. In order to make this easier for the customers, offering various financing options may be a good idea. 2) Adapt InfoCentral: Review, correct and revamp the software in order to meet real business needs. May be a good thing to check what competitors are using. 3) Organize recurrent meetings: The situation with Blackstone did not get bad in one day. It may be a good idea to set up weekly or monthly operational reviews; meetings lasting no longer than 30 minutes, where all potential issues can be discussed among stakeholders and managers. The idea is not to let such situation worsen and take the correct actions as soon as possible.

Free Essays on Hamlet - Ophelia Character

. Ophelia willingly obliged to her father’s desires. By not thinking for herself and only doing as her father wished, she ruined her chances of love with Hamlet. Hamlet put pressure on Ophelia by expecting her to surpass his mother’s shortcomings and be an epitome of womankind. He searched her innocent face for some sign of loving truth that might restore his faith in her. He took her mute terror for a sign of her guilt and found her to be a false person, like his mother. In his letter to her, he addressed the letter to "the most beautified Ophelia" and he terminated the letter with "I love thee best, O most best, believe it" (II, ii). He used the word "beautified" to display a sincere tribute, and it is apparent he still loves her. His attempts to win her affection are not triumphant. Ophelia is still too much u... Free Essays on Hamlet - Ophelia Character Free Essays on Hamlet - Ophelia Character Ophelia is a beautiful and simple-minded woman, easily molded by the more powerful opinions and desires of others. The thoughts of her father and her brother influenced her the most. The love letters from Hamlet also swayed her opinions and confused her mind. Ophelia wasn’t able to realize herself because of all the pressures exerted on her to be something she’s not. That weakness of mind and will, which permitted her obedience to her father and thus destroyed her hope for Hamlet’s love, finally resulted in her insanity and death. When her father had challenged the honor of Hamlet’s intentions, Ophelia could only reply "I do not know, my lord, what I should think" (III, iii). Used to relying upon her father’s direction and brought up to be obedient, she can only accept her father’s belief, seconded by that of her brother, that Hamlet’s "holy vows" of love were simply designed for her seduction. She was to obey her father’s orders not to permit Hamlet to see her again. Her father also wanted to prove Hamlet’s madness to the king. He used Ophelia as bait so he and the king could listen to Hamlet’s words. Ophelia willingly obliged to her father’s desires. By not thinking for herself and only doing as her father wished, she ruined her chances of love with Hamlet. Hamlet put pressure on Ophelia by expecting her to surpass his mother’s shortcomings and be an epitome of womankind. He searched her innocent face for some sign of loving truth that might restore his faith in her. He took her mute terror for a sign of her guilt and found her to be a false person, like his mother. In his letter to her, he addressed the letter to "the most beautified Ophelia" and he terminated the letter with "I love thee best, O most best, believe it" (II, ii). He used the word "beautified" to display a sincere tribute, and it is apparent he still loves her. His attempts to win her affection are not triumphant. Ophelia is still too much u...

An interpretation of Love in ChangRae Lee’s “A Gesture Life”

Interestingly, â€Å"A Gesture Life† is certainly not the kind of story that portrays love in a typical manner. It is quite amusing that there are lots of ironies if love was to be discussed in this book . This essay will show the readers that the desire for love in â€Å"A Gesture Life† had ironically hindered the acquisition of love. The novel of Chang-Rae Lee was basically about probably the worst kind of tragedy there is, not being loved by everyone even by oneself. If we are to classify the different forms of love in â€Å"A Gesture Life,† there are lots of technical terms that are always related to the concept of love like agape, pragmatic love, eros, complex chemical reactions and terms like pheromones and dopamine, and lots of scientific terms that few of us comprehends. This essay will only employ types of love that is understandable by all for the purpose of keeping this essay from being too general. This essay will focus on the main character’s love for the other characters and concepts in his life. But the essay will not settle for mere descriptions of the protagonist’s love, it will show the reader how love had been distorted and given meanings by the traumas that the protagonist had suffered during the war. The first kind of love from the novel is the love for acceptance. The protagonist Hata, had been begging (although he didn’t express this explicitly) for acceptance from the people in his life and his neighborhood. Hata was too careful about everything he does in his neighborhood. That is because he doesn’t want to commit mistakes that could get him noticed. He wanted a low-profile life in his neighborhood because he has this assumption that he will be the target of discrimination in the community. But contrary to what Hata is thinking, the citizen’s of his community, Bedley Run, appears to like Hata, but in the way Hata wants them to like him. Hata was treated like an Oriental mascot because the people in Bedley Run seem to like him only for the differences he and most of the people in Bedley Run share. Hata speaks of his love for acceptance in his community, â€Å"†¦my assumption is that once I settle in†¦I will be treated like as people should be treated† (Lee 3).   His assumptions of being accepted was brutally debunked by what had transpired during his stay in Bedley Run, â€Å"It seems to me that people took a weird interest in making me feel that I am unwelcome† (Lee 3) Hata’s love for acceptance didn’t end with his failed attempt with his neighborhood. It appears that Hata’s love for his adopted daughter Sunny, whom he had adopted when he was still in Korea when Sunny was just a child. While Sunny was growing up, she and her father were having endless disputes. In the long run, Sunny ran away from home even when she was just a teenager. Later in the story, Hata will have the chance to make up with her daughter. Sunny went back to Hata and asks for support for she was pregnant. Irritatingly, Hata denied Sunny’s plea for support. Hata had prioritized more his and his family’s reputation more than the well being of her daughter. It appears that even though Hata loves her daughter, his family’s reputation weighs more than the affection of his daughter. This is Hata’s real and unfortunate dilemma. He had stated several times in the narrative that he loves her daughter very much, but still he is quite unable show his love. After this he will contemplate heavily as to why his life is devoid of love, he will contemplate heavily as to why his life is remote to the lives of the ones he dears most. Hata’s weird and unproductive approach to love will backfire at him at the most tragic of scenarios. Hata had accidentally brought his house on fire and he was hurt in the fire and was hospitalized. After that he was caught in a web of nostalgia, he reminisced about the time he served as a paramedic in an army camp in the pacific war. There he had fallen in love with a certain woman whom he calls â€Å"K† who was about the same age as her adopted daughter Sunny. He had loved K as genuinely a man could love a woman. He was even willing to die and kill for K as she had committed murder and Hata was willing to offer help in covering up. But then, just like in the bulk of the story, Hata’s love remains unrequited. K had viewed his love as having ill intentions. K thought that Hata was only after her youth and was only after sex. This tragic memory of Hata had some great effects in later in his life especially the relationships he had, especially with her daughter. In a weird but true manner, Hata’s kind of loves are real and unfortunately remains unrequited. Hata’s situation is what we see everyday happening to real people. That is just the truthfulness that made this story a success. The novel â€Å"A Gesture Life† may have been talking about the tragic life of Hata when it comes to love, but what it was actually talking about is how some people find it very hard to be loved just because they themselves find it hard to love others. In the story, Hata seems to be the kind of person who never knew the feeling of being loved. He has this hunger to be loved by the people around him. This for me is one of the reasons why many people find it easy to empathize with the character of Hata. Work Cited Lee, Chang-Rae. A Gesture Life. CA: Riverhead books. 1999

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Management - Essay Example Rents, Charges, Interests and others make up three percent of its funding (Smith, 2008). Of the total fund generated from various sources: seventy percent is spent on Salaries and Wages; twelve percent is provisioned for the employer contribution to the pension fund; another twelve percent is spent on operating expenses and six percent is for Capital Financing Charges (Smith, 2008). Fiscal governance coverage is in accordance with the Code of Practice on Local Authority Accounting in the United Kingdom (SORP Committee, 2010). CIPFA Code of Practice dictates that in cases of conflict the legislative requirements shall apply in financial governance (Chartered Institute of Public Finance & Accountancy, 2010). National non-domestic rates account for approximately eighteen percent of the total local authority income (Information Centre Scotish Parliament, 1999). Therefore, only about 9 percent of the National non-domestic rate income of the local authority finances the Fire and Rescue eff orts of local governments. While every district including the two cities of Manchester and Salford only contributes a total of 3.3 percent each to the operational expense of the Fire and Rescue Authority (Smith, 2008). Risk mitigation includes the following: disaster recovery, contingency plan, emergency response, business continuity. Fire and Rescue only covers emergency response. From a financial point of view to invest more than eleven percent for emergency response alone may not maximize the value of money considering the other area of risk mitigation that would include disaster recovery, contingency planning and business continuity. However, risk and security challenges have become increasingly complex because as we plan for protection and face a multitude of threats in a rapidly changing environment, we must expect the unexpected, while staying within our budgets (Purpura, 2008). There is an underlying importance in emergency response that is to prevent the emergency escalatin g into a disaster, then to a catastrophe, then to a tragedy (Alexander, 2002). The key has always been prevention and in this case the prevention of an emergency to escalate into another level. One of the key performance indicators of the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue A

Project management assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project management assessment - Essay Example A project is acknowledged as unsuccessful if it fails to offer what was needed, in line with prospects. In other words, in order to be successful a project has to be completed within estimated budget, with required performance, and on time; as well as it has to offer the advantages valuable in the business scenario. However, the project requirements should be apparent and absolute. Unluckily, it is not that simple. In addition, the second element of definition of project success is that the project has to be completed along the lines of expectations (Pritchard, 2004; Lewis, 2006; Mind Tools Ltd., 2011). In addition, in many cases a project had to cross its initial or expected budget, but the project still was considered as successful. On the other hand, if a project complied with all the instructions which were in the wide-ranging project designs, but it was still considered as failure in view of the fact that it did not comprise the fundamental elements those were required by primar y stakeholders. Though, it does not look reasonable, but project success and failure is not directly about the facts, nor is it simply about what was delivered. But, it is regarding how the project has to be completed (Pritchard, 2004; Lewis, 2006; Mind Tools Ltd., 2011). ... In this scenario, majority of projects fail due to the changes in time, budget and various other restrictions that can take place in a project. Additionally, there are a number of unique attributes connected with the project that direct to unnecessary as well as inherent problems, those increases risk profile of a number of projects which makes others less dangerous. In this scenario, the risk profile of each project is at extremely high level and this is for the reason that the reality that a lot of projects do not convene their performance aims and objectives. In addition, it should be kept in mind that project management literature is paying more and more attention on significance of different methodologies that could help project managers achieve desired competence and success (Kerzner, 2003; Hughes & Cotterell, 2002; Schwalbe, 2005; DevTechnologies, 2010). Furthermore, the literature also outlines that almost all the projects that are carried out by businesses and institutes are executed in parallel with each other. As a result, there is a high level stress on project managers and project team associates inside corporations to tackle with the demands of these parallel executing projects. On the other hand, the human resources inside a corporation are partial as well as the intellectual capital that is united with the project demands and deliverables is even additional limited. Thus, when the number of projects executing in parallel grows then a net shortage of the trained team associates takes place, which takes toward the opposition of projects for the intellectual capital essential for attaining its deliverables as well as performance objectives (Kerzner, 2003; Hughes & Cotterell, 2002;

Wedgwoods Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wedgwoods Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Rudzki et.al) Planning: A strategy is to be developed for the cost-effective utilization of resources required to develop the product that meets the demands of customer. The planning of the supply chain thus should be such that it is efficient, less costly and the products that are delivered are of high quality and value to customers. Source: The important thing is finding suppliers, who can effectively deliver the services or goods to the customers. An improvement in the relationship should be developed with the suppliers for delivery, payment process and pricing. In short, improving the processes for the management of inventories received from the suppliers including receiving, verifying shipments, transferring to the manufacturing facilities and authorizing payments to the suppliers. Making: This is the step, manufacturing step, where intensive study is required to improve the quality levels, production out-put and workers productivity. For the effective delivery of the goods, there should be scheduling of activities such as testing, packaging and preparation for the delivery. Delivering: This is referred to as logistics, there should be an improvement in the coordination of the activities such as taking the receipt of orders from customers, developing a network of warehouses, picking the carriers so that customers receive the products and setting up an effective in-voice system for payments. Returning: The most important and the problematic part of the supply chain that needs improvement is creating a network for receiving defective and excessive products from the customers and checking the delivered products which have problems and supporting customers with problems. Operation management issues at Wedgwood: The company adopted the inflexible push model which is driven by the forecasts of the expected sales which were generated centrally, and the challenge for the company is now that the company is finding hard, to match the high quality of the product with equal levels of service to the customers. According to the operations director of the company, when benchmarking was done with the other companies, they found out that there is a need for improvement in the area of customer service and responsiveness. The overdue orders were high, despite there were high inventory levels. The main objectives of the company is thus to reduce inventory, cutting the supply cycle time. The company therefore has decided to overhaul the supply chain processes to achieve the goals. As identified by the experts of operations management of the company, in three areas of the supply chain. Dealing with customers and order fulfilling is the first one, the second area is operations in the manufacturing and supply, the third one is introducing new products To tackle the problems, the company formed different teams to tackle each area, the teams were instructed to look into the key processes which are existing and bench mark them against the other parties so that they can redesign. The teams were supported by the methodology and expertise from the consultancy wing of the Texas instruments. The main objectives of the company are reducing the inventory, cutting the supply cycle time and overall improvement of the customer services. (Buy IT, 2002). Key performance objectives at Wedgwood: Existing model has been changed to the pull model driven by the real demand from the customers, even this new

The Management of Industrial Relations

The Management of Industrial Relations How Has The Management Of Industrial Relations In Britain Changed In The Last Three Decades? What Does This Tell Us About The Respective Roles And Influence Of Employers, Management, Trade Unions And The State In Industrial Relations? This paper attempts to examine the changes which have taken place during the 1980s, the 1990s and the period 2000-2010 within the field of industrial relations. According to Edwards (2003:9) The employment relationship is by definition a relationship between an employee and an employer this direct relationship may be mediated by the two other key institutions to IR, the trade union and the state. Therefore this essay will also seek to explore the respective strategies, roles and powers of these actors. The paper has two sections; the first one represents the 1980s and the 1990s whereas the second one represents the period from 1997 into the last decade. In the first section the essay starts by describing the interventionist role that the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher adopted when it came in power in 1979. The legislations passed by the government constitute the reason of the development of very confrontational industrial relations throughout the two decades as they caused an imbalance of power in favour of the management and against trade unions. After seeing the legislative initiatives launched by the government the paper will attempt to describe the advantageous position of managers and employers who managed to re-exert managerial prerogative and to impose harsh managerial strategies. With the power always on their side managers imposed their own â€Å"rules† in the employee relations and showed a preference for individualism (employee/management relationshi p) rather than collectivism (union/management relationship) as they saw benefits such as greater flexibility and greater control over employees. Managers in the UK also start placing attention to HRM policies in the 1980s and seek to implement them in an effort to achieve business goals. But evidence suggests that they failed to implement appropriate Human Resource Management strategies. After that this paper will examine the decline in union membership, in unions ideology and therefore the decline of their overall power. In the second section of the essay we will study the period during which â€Å"the New Labour† was in power. In its effort to put an end to the special relationship it had with the trade unions in the past and to promote neo-liberalism the â€Å"New Labour† kept most of the legislation of the previous government but also established its own. Its main goal was to promote workplace â€Å"partnership† which meant that all actors; employers, employees, trade unions and government would work in collaboration to obtain mutual benefits. The strategies implemented by the government in order to promote workplace â€Å"partnership†, on the one hand helped in fostering employee involvement and communication within the workplace and on the other hand helped unions to reassert some of their lost power. During the period 1979 and 1997 the government clearly allied itself with the side of managers and employers in an effort to protect capitalism (Salamon 2000:92). Later on we will see that the alliance between employers and government against trade unions and the unequal distribution of power meant the beginning of an adversarial employment relationship and industrial relations. Committed to its liberalist/laissez-faire ideologies the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher which came in office sought to achieve one goal: to aid management to reassert its authority and power by constraining the power of trade unions. By adopting a very interventionist role the government proceeded with the launching of eight legislations within thirteen years and targeted at curbing unions ability to organise, their ability to pursue industrial action and particularly strikes and it interfered with their internal affairs (Salamon 2000:103). Salamon (2000:65) itemises a number of laws passed by the government during the period 1989-1997 and which account for the decline of the power of trade unions: The Thatcher Conservative government abolished the closed shop and removed the statutory recognition procedure. It prohibited secondary industrial action. Trades unions were required to ballot union members and proceed to industrial action only with the consent of the majority. The government legally enforced the trade unions to use the ballot process for their national elections. Although the costs of conducting ballots were initially subsidised by the government, the Trade Union and Employment Right Act of 1993 put an end to the provision of funds but the procedure was still legally required (Salamon 2000:152). Furthermore they were considered responsible for unlawful actions authorised by unions officers, committees or shop stewards unless they denounced them. Unions were deprived of their right to punish members who opted not to partake in industrial action even if it was legal. In addition to all these, it was easier for employers to fire employees who took part in strikes. In addition to the legislative restrictions that the government imposed on trade unions it also proceeded with the abolishment of tripartite institutions on which the trade unions were represented such as the MSC and the NEDO (Salamon 2000:65). During the 1980s and 1990s managers saw the balance of power shifting towards their side. This was due as we have seen to national legislation suppressing trade unions. Salamon (2000 :248) argues that this reassertion of power as well as the economic climate with the economic recession, the high rates of unemployment and the competition taking place at the international level prompted managers to adopt a managerial style called macho management. Purcell (1982) cited in Salamon (2000:248) explained macho management as the style of tough managers who neglected and scorned trade unions and whose ultimate interest was to manage and establish order. They were characterised by a great unwillingness to change their policies, to negotiate and to make concessions and they preferred dealing directly with employees rather than through unions. This desire to deal with employees on a individual basis also accounts for the a shift from collectivism to individualism. In other words managers used to have to deal with employee issues through their intermediaries that is to say bodies that represented them, such as trade union whereas now they have to confront employees directly (Salamon 2000:66) . Salamon (2000:82) also explains that the new strategies initiated by the management during the period meant that employees were now engaged through individual contracts and whose terms and conditions were different than the rest of their colleagues and that their reward was dependent on their individual performance. Salamon (2000:66) explains that managers embraced individual employment relationships rather than collective ones as they were more flexible. This flexibility and this emphasis on individualism was also explained by managers attempt to introduce Human Resource policies which made their apparition in the UK in the early 1980s and promised managers what they sought: organisational effectiveness and increased performance (Salamon 2000:234) by eliciting employee commitment. According to Salamon (2000:235-236), these strategies were also ways of enhancing managerial authority because employees were directly now accountable to managers, managers were more able to obtain control and now had the freedom to design strategies that would limit empowerment conceded to employees, and set some boundaries to the terms and conditions of the employment contract. Generally from now on they had more freedom in the decision-making while at the same time employees were committed to them. Once more Salamon (2000:239) explores the possibility that managers took advantage of HR practices in order to manipulate employees and claims that in reality managers only desire is to be able to do their work with the slightest possible confrontation from employees. Kessler and Purcell (2003) claim that there is little evidence, from the WIRS data, demonstrating that organisations were willing or had the potential to use HRM strategies. Instead during the period most managers opted for Bleak House strategies. They also claim that managers mostly resorted to opportunistic and cost minimisation strategies. On the same tone, Blyton and Turnbull (2004:129) explain that the economic downturn during the 1980s and 1990s, the acute international competition, the low skills equilibrium in which the UK was entrapped and the feelings of job insecurity made it impossible for employees and employers to develop the trust needed for the implementation of HR practices and therefore the management relied on opportunistic and pragmatic strategies. The issue of employee voice and most particularly employee representation elicited great attention by the government and the management when the European Court of Justice held in 1994 that the legislative initiatives of the government run counter to the EU directives and that the UK had ended up not respecting employee collective consultation rights. The Conservative government was enforced to amend its regulation which had come to mean that managers should either recognise unions at their workplace or/and set up other forms of collective representative bodies elected by the employees. This prompted some organisations too set up work or company councils. The creation of these councils raises three issues. First of all, they might be a threat to employee rights because managers might use them to by-pass trade unions. Secondly, they are not legally recognized so they have no rights and thirdly, employee representatives in these councils have not the training or experience of trade unio n officials and might therefore not elicit the attention and the respect of the management (Salamon 2000:188). As an example Salamon (2000:189) presents the case study of Bristol West, a non-unionised company which in 1994 introduced the â€Å"partners councils† which were employee representative bodies which allowed employees to express their opinion on the firms Human Resource issues. Although the councils were reserved only for employee representatives the company tried to ensure that there was a professional or manager with them. However, according to Ackers and Payne (1998) cited in Salamon (2000:260), it turned out that the reassertion of managerial authority , the HRM strategies introduced aiming at promoting individualism and employee voice and participation and the decline of powers of trade unions did not give to managers what they sought: order, cohesion and employee commitment. That is why they turned to the â€Å"workplace â€Å"partnership approach in pursuit of these goals. The governments hostile position towards the trade unions as well as the harmful measures it took against trade unions had as subsequent repercussion the decline of union membership. This is illustrated by the figures presented by Salamon (2000:67) according to which during the period 1879-1998 union membership dropped by 5,5 million and by the figures provided by Blyton and Turnbull (2004: 139) which demonstrate that during 1979 and 1997 the number of trade union members fell by over 41 per cent. Nevertheless Salamon (2000:109, 111) also reckons that union membership experienced a striking decline in membership in the 1980s and 1990s because of the changes that took place in industrial and employment structures. The economic conditions of the time meaning low inflation and high levels of unemployment kept workers away from joining unions. Unions used to recruit as members full-time male manual workers who worked in large manufacturing firms as well as the public sector. The shift fo r the manufacturing sector to the service sector, the reduction in the size of firms, the rising female and part-time employment had meant that the trade unions not only lost members but they also had to turn to other types of industries and organisations, in order to seek members, which had not been easy because these organisations had no tradition in union organisation. Diamond and Freedman (2001) cited in Blyton and Turnbull (2004: 143) mention that many unemployed union members had no inducement in maintaining their membership because trade unions were not concerned by people who were on welfare while Cully et al. (1999: 212-213) cited in Blyton and Turnbull (2004:143) argue that other employees contested the unions ability to offer benefits and that is illustrated by the WERS98 data according to which only a 46 per cent of union members believed that trade unions actually provided them with benefits. The trade unions collective consciousness was also negatively affected by the governments legislative measures aiming to (Salamon 2000:152) promote ‘responsible unionism, ‘return the union to its members and protect the individual member against union ‘tyranny. Through the Employment Act of 1988 union members obtained individual rights to inspect the unions financial data to ensure that funds were not spent on illegal actions, to resort to the help of court in case the union would be pursuing unlawful industrial action affecting the member, to be protected from being punished by the trade unions whenever they refused to partake in industrial action even if it was lawful. Salamon (2000:153) argues that now the individual member had the right to refuse to accept and to call into questions decisions of the unions even if they were taken democratically. The individual member could go against the unions. Salamon (2000:124) also argues that the ideologies on which trade unionism relies with the most important one its â€Å"collective solidarity† had also declined due to the fact that trade unions started offering â€Å"modern services† to employees individually. The decline in union membership and collective solidarity that have been already discussed overwhelmingly account for the erosion of power of trade unions. Nevertheless other factors have also contributed. Trade unions found themselves not only confronted to managers and employers who have always been reluctant to cooperate but they also had to face the governments hostility (Salamon 2000:111). Moreover the trade unions were further alienated due to the shift from the concept of collectivism endorsed by trade unions to the concept of individualism embraced by the managers who introduced HRM practices such as direct manager/employee consultation and information or performance-related pay. Salamon (2000:118) discusses the loss of the power of conducting collective bargaining by trade unions due to three main reasons. First their collective bargaining power was curbed by the legislation launched by the Conservative government. Secondly there was the decentralisation of collective bargaining, meaning that the terms and conditions obtained in collective bargaining were no longer applicable across an industry. Furthermore the managers tended to prefer deciding the terms and conditions of employees based on an individual basis as well as to opt for a system of remuneration based on the individuals performance or ability. Millward et al. (2000:197) cited in Blyton and Turnbull (2004:150) claim that during the period 1984-1998 the proportion of employees covered by collective bargaining dropped from 70 per cent to 40 per cent. During the 1980s and the 1990s trade unions were on the defensive. They tried to survive during the 1980s and early 1990s because of the unfavourable economic, political and organisational conditions. In other words they had no choice but to make concessions in order to be become more attractive to managers. These concessions included the establishment of single-union agreements with no strike activity and employee councils (Salamon 2000:130). In 1997 The â€Å"New Labour† came in power with the intention to promote its neo-liberalism strategies. In the past the Labour party had close links with the trade unions with the most significant one their financial contributions to the party (Salamon 2000:122). However when it took over in 1997 it attempted to distance itself from the trade unions and in its intention to do so, it maintained most of the legislative initiatives of the predecessor government. Nevertheless it launched two laws in support of the trade unions. The first of them was the National Minimum Wage Act of 1998 which allowed for the introduction of a national minimum wage (Salamon 2000:68). The second one was the Employment Relations Act in 1999 which allowed for the establishment of a statutory procedure permitting union recognition, provided that an employer could not refuse to employ, punish, fire or discriminate against an employee who is or intends to join a trade union or has taken or intends to pa rticipated in industrial action. The legislation provided for time off from work for trade union officials of independent recognised trade unions without pay loss in order for them to respond to their responsibilities within the union and also allowed for union members to be accompanied by trade union officials during grievance and disciplinary procedures (Salamon 2000: 197). The labour government also signed the social protocol of the treaty of Maastricht and as a result the European Working Time directive as well as the European Works Council directive became part of the UK law (Hyman 2003:54). In addition, the government passed legislation regarding part time employment and parental leave. From the late 1990s towards the beginning of the 2000-2010 period the UK workplace experienced the emergence of the notion of â€Å"partnership† a notion that alludes to the idea that the state, employers, employees and trade unions can collaborate in order to achieve common targets and benefits (Salamon 2000:21). The emergence of the workplace partnership approach was allowed when the â€Å"New Labour† came in power. This approached seemed to be desired by the main actors involved in industrial relations who saw it as the solution to their concerns. The government was determined to eradicate the conflicts in the UK workplace, trade unions saw it as a way of striking an alliance with the management and the government in the pursuit of common benefits and the management saw is as way of achieving order and cohesion at the organisation level as they wished (Salamon 2000:260). Salamon (2000:263) highlights two attributes of the â€Å"partnership† approach which are the commitment for actors to cooperate in order to enhance organisational effectiveness and performance and the recognition that employers and employees have different interests and that is why they should use employee voice and communication mechanisms in order to foster their relationship. Blyton and Turnbull (2004: 253) mentions that during the last years the Labour governments wish to promote the aforementioned â€Å"partnerhip† and the European social policies and Britains effort to put in place the EC Information and Consultations Directive have resulted to an acute interest in various forms of employee involvement and participation. Apart from the improvements that took place during the previous two decades in the matter employee voice and employee representation with the set up of work councils (Salamon 2000:188) , the new governments decision to accept the European Work Council Directive has strengthened even more employee voice but most particularly the adoption by the management of direct forms of participation. Kersley et al (2006:139) searched for evidence of direct forms of communication such as face to face meetings, written two-way communication and downward communication and found out that 63 per cent of all workplaces offered face- to- face meeti ngs as well the opportunity for feedback, and that this figure covered 67 per cent of all employees. They also argued that the WERS2004 data demonstrated that there was a decline in union representation and an increase in direct forms of communication. Although union membership and union recognition had fallen between 1998 and 2004 this decline was much smaller than during the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1998 and 2004 methods of employee representation dropped from three-fifths to approximately one half. On the contrary direct forms of communication were more common and sometimes they had increased (Kersley at al. 2006:143) This emphasis on employee involvement and participation is illustrated by the case study provided by Marchington and Wilkinson (2008: 407) who mention the example of Midbank a firm which won a Saturday Times award for implementing high commitment Human Resource policies and facilitating Employee Involvement and direct and indirect methods of Participation. More precisely, some of the forms of information dissemination as well as employee participation they adopted were the presence of a single union, consultation forums and company newspaper to which employees could contribute. Within the context of partnership Johnstone et al (2007) cited in Marchington and Wilkinson (2008:417) give us the case study of NatBank which signed a partnership agreement in 2000 with the recognised union (Unifi) in their effort to ameliorate the union-management relationship , to contribute to organisational effectiveness and performance, to work for the interest of employees, shareholders and customers an d to commit to the implementation of best practice HRM. The partnership has so far proved to be a success with some of the advantages being a better decision making, and improved employment relations thanks to better communication. From 1997 trade unions were given the opportunity to reassert part of their lost power and influence due to the favourable legislation launched by the â€Å"New Labour†. Trade unions were now able to abandon their defensive position of the 1980s and 1990s and to adopt one more proactive position. Salamon (2000:21) argues that trade unions considered â€Å"partnership† at work as a way of developing a more positive and proactive relationship with managers and play the part in order for the idea of â€Å"social partnership â€Å" to successfully work. This would simultaneously allow them to defend their members interests and to contribute on their part to the workplace and society (Salamon 2000:21). Munro and Rainbird (2004) present the example of the UNISON/employer partnership, a partnership concerning workplace learning and explain that the partnership does not only generate benefits for union members but it also generates benefits to employers who provide cost-effec tive and high quality development to employees through this partnership. The government also seems to be placing great emphasis on this partnership as it has passed legislation (Employment Act of 2002) allowing to Union Learning Representatives to take paid time off in order to carry out their duties and most significantly it has set up the Union Learning Fund. Moreover in 2007 the government conceded the management of the fund to Unionlearn within the TUC acknowledging in this respect the important role of unions in governmental strategies.(Hoque and Bacon 2008). This essay has endeavoured to examine the changes in the roles and in the exertion of power of the actors involved in industrial relations, and most particularly the roles of the government, of the trade unions, of the management and of employers, during the 1980s, the 1990s and the period 2000-2010. It has demonstrated that during the 1980s and the 1990s the legislative agenda of the Conservative government led in very confrontational and adversarial industrial relations as it increased the gap between employers power and trade unions power. Macho management, shift from collectivism to individualism and the attempt of the introduction of HRM practices are the most important processes of the period. In 1997 the â€Å"New Labour† which was elected in power committed itself to implementing the European social model, by promoting fairness and social justice in UK industrial relations as well as harmonisation by promoting the model of â€Å"workplace† partnership. References Blyton, P. and Turnball, P. (2004). The Dynamics of Employee Relations. 3rd edit., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Edwards, P. (2003)(ed.). Industrial Relations: Theory Practice in Britain. 2nd edit., Oxford:Blackwell. Hoque, K. and Bacon, N. (2008). Trade Unions, Union Learning Representatives and Employer-Provided Training in Britain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(4), 702-731. Hyman, R. (2003). The Historical Evolution of British Industrial Relations in Edwards, P. (2003)(ed.). Industrial Relations: Theory Practice in Britain. 2nd edit., Oxford:Blackwell. Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Gix, G. and Oxenbridge, S. (2006). Inside the Workplace: Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS 2004). London: Routledge. Kessler, B., and Purcell, J. (2003). Individualism and collectivism in industrial relations in Edwards, P. (2003)(ed.). Industrial Relations: Theory Practice in Britain. 2nd edit., Oxford:Blackwell. Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2008). Human Resource Management at Work. 4th edit., CIPD Munro, A. and Rainbird, H. (2004). Opening doors as well as banging on tables: an assessment of UNISON/employer partnership on learning in the UK public sector. Industrial Relations Journal, 35(5), 419-433. Salamon, M. (2000). Industrial Relations, 4th edit., London: FT Prentice Hall.